ABSTRACT
Bacterial multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a global challenge in the fields of medicine and health, agriculture and fishery, ecology and environment. The cross-region spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among different species is one of the main cause of bacterial MDR. However, there is no effective strategies for addressing the intensifying bacterial MDR. The CRISPR-Cas system, consisting of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated proteins, can targetedly degrade exogenous nucleic acids, thus exhibiting high application potential in preventing and controlling bacterial MDR caused by ARGs. This review briefly introduced the working mechanism of CRISPR-Cas systems, followed by discussing recent advances in reducing ARGs by CRISPR-Cas systems delivered through mediators (e.g. plasmids, bacteriophages and nanoparticle). Moreover, the trends of this research field were envisioned, providing a new perspective on preventing and controlling MDR.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Bacteriophages/genetics , CRISPR-Cas Systems , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Plasmids/geneticsABSTRACT
Improving the creativity is crucial to postgraduate training nowadays. The course of Modern Microbial Biotechnology is an optional specialized course for microbiology-related postgraduates. To explore a new teaching mode for improving the creativity of postgraduate students, we reformed the teaching content, the teaching method and the evaluation mode of this course. Through case study teaching, seminar-style classroom and implementation of a new assessment method, the students not only mastered professional knowledge and disciplinary frontiers of modern microbiology technology, but also improved their ability of discovering, analyzing and solving problems. The reformed course teaching mode is effective in fostering postgraduates' creativity.